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The second volume of the Annual Review of Nano Research focuses mainly on nanofabrication, nanomaterials and nanostructures, and energy application of nanomaterials. All of the review chapters are contributed by well-published scientists and bring the most recent advancements in selected topics to the readers. This review volume will perfectly serve dual purposes: either as an excellent introduction to scientists whose expertise lies in different fields but who are interested in learning about nanotechnology, or as a quick reference for experts active in the field of nanotechnology and

Molecular physics --- Solid state physics --- Applied physical engineering --- Nanostructures. --- Nanotechnology.

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The book deals with an environmentally important family of polymers that is designed to be disposed of in industrial and municipal compost facilities after their useful life. These compostable plastics undergo degradation and leave no visible, distinguishable or toxic residue. Environmental concerns and legislative measures taken in different regions of the world make composting an increasingly attractive route for the disposal of redundant polymers.This book provides up-to-date results and information about compostable polymer materials in a coherent and comprehensive manner. It cov

Solid state physics --- Plastics --- Biodegradable plastics. --- Biodegradable plastics --- Degradable plastics --- Environmentally degradable plastics --- Environmentally friendly plastics --- Green plastics --- Biodegradable products --- Biopolymers --- Biodegradation. --- Biodegradation

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Coherent sources of mid-infrared (mid-IR) radiation are of great interest for a wide range of scienti?c and technological applications from spectroscopy and frequency metrology to information technology, industrial process control, pho- chemistry, photobiology and photomedicine. The mid-IR spectrum, which may be de?ned as wavelengths beyond ?2µm, covers important atmospheric windows, and numerous molecular gases, toxic agents, air, water, and soil pollutants, c- ponents of human breath, and several explosive agents have strong absorption ?ngerprints in this region. The development of practical coherent solid-state sources in the mid-IR can thus provide indispensable tools for a variety of - plications in environmental monitoring and pollution control, detection of water and soil contaminants, food quality control, agriculture and life sciences, and n- invasive disease diagnosis and therapy through breath analysis. Coherent mid-IR sources also offer important technologies for atmospheric chemistry, free-space communication, imaging, rapid detection of explosives, chemical and biological agents, nuclear material and narcotics, as well as applications in air- and sea-born safety and security, amongst many. The timely advancement of coherent mid-IR sources is, therefore, vital to future progress in many application areas across a broad range of scienti?c, technological, and industrial disciplines. On the other hand, more than 40 years after the invention of laser, much of the mid-IR spectrum still remains inaccessible to conventional lasers due to fun- mental limitations, most notably a lack of suitable crystalline laser gain materials.

Laser materials. --- Solid-state lasers. --- Engineering. --- Solid state physics. --- Physical measurements. --- Measurement. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Engineering, general. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation. --- Solid State Physics. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Optics --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Measuring --- Mensuration --- Mathematics --- Technology --- Metrology --- Physical measurements --- Measurements, Physical --- Mathematical physics --- Measurement --- Physics --- Solids --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Qualitative --- Crystal lasers --- Lasers --- Materials

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Cryogenic refrigerators operating with refrigerant mixtures were developed under classified and proprietary programs for many years, and it was only after 1991 that the world realized the importance of the mixed refrigerant systems for cryogenic refrigeration. Mixed refrigerant cryogenic processes are also used in most large base load natural gas liquefaction plants. Hundreds of patents exist on different aspects of mixed refrigerant processes for liquefaction of natural gas, as well as the composition of mixtures for Joule-Thomson and other refrigerators. Still, the fundamental aspects of these processes continued to not receive the attention they deserve in open literature in the view of these commercial interests. Cryogenic Mixed Refrigerant Processes, by Dr. G. Venkatarathnam, explains all the aspects of mixed refrigerant processes using robust analytical methods based on sound thermodynamic principles, drawing upon many case studies and examples, largely unpublished, to teach: - the need for refrigerant mixtures - the different processes than can be used in refrigeration and liquefaction systems - the methods to be adopted for choosing the components of a mixture and their concentrations used for various cryogenic applications - the methods for simulating and optimizing cryogenic processes Cryogenic Mixed Refrigerant Processes will be a valuable and much needed reference for researchers and scientists whose focus includes cryogenic engineering, natural gas liquefaction, refrigeration systems, and process simulation and optimization. Dr. G. Venkatarathnam is Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India. “…this is a good reference both for entering the domain of mixed refrigerant processes, and to expand the knowledge of optimal applications for this technique. It is a compact book that gives practical answers on the why and how to use mixtures in cryogenics.” -Luca Bottura, CERN, Switzerland “This book is an important source of knowledge for post-graduate students, process engineers working on equipment projects for gas liquefaction industry as well as those, operating liquefaction plants, or for feasibility studies analysts, as well as for newcomers in this branch of technology. Reading of the book doesn’t require any previous specific knowledge except of basic course of thermodynamics on university level. All readers will certainly appreciate the work done by the author on optimization of all the cycles. It may save a lot of research and engineering work of those working on projects. Possibly, it can also help to achieve more optimized solutions.” -Vaclav Chrz, Chart Ferox, Czech Republic.

Chemistry. --- Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering. --- Superconductivity, Superfluidity, Quantum Fluids. --- Solid State Physics and Spectroscopy. --- Materials Science, general. --- Chemical engineering. --- Particles (Nuclear physics). --- Superconductivity. --- Materials. --- Chimie --- Génie chimique --- Particules (Physique nucléaire) --- Supraconductivité --- Matériaux --- Refrigerants. --- Refrigerants --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemical Engineering --- Low temperature research. --- Cryogenics --- Low temperatures --- Research --- Solid state physics. --- Superconductors. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Materials science. --- Strongly Correlated Systems, Superconductivity. --- Solid State Physics. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Thermochemistry --- Chemistry, Technical --- Heat-transfer media --- Refrigeration and refrigerating machinery --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Chemistry, Industrial --- Engineering, Chemical --- Industrial chemistry --- Metallurgy --- Materials --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Optics --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectrometry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Physics --- Solids --- Superconducting materials --- Superconductive devices --- Cryoelectronics --- Electronics --- Solid state electronics --- Electric conductivity --- Critical currents --- Superfluidity --- Qualitative --- Analytical chemistry

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Semiconductor Device Physics and Design provides a fresh and unique teaching tool. Over the last decade device performances are driven by new materials, scaling, heterostructures and new device concepts. Semiconductor devices have mostly relied on Si but increasingly GaAs, InGaAs and heterostructures made from Si/SiGe, GaAs/AlGaAs etc have become important. Over the last few years one of the most exciting new entries has been the nitride based heterostructures. New physics based on polar charges and polar interfaces has become important as a result of the nitrides. Nitride based devices are now used for high power applications and in lighting and display applications. For students to be able to participate in this exciting arena, a lot of physics, device concepts, heterostructure concepts and materials properties need to be understood. It is important to have a textbook that teaches students and practicing engineers about all these areas in a coherent manner. Semiconductor Device Physics and Design starts out with basic physics concepts including the physics behind polar heterostructures and strained heterostructures. Important devices ranging from p-n diodes to bipolar and field effect devices are then discussed. An important distinction users will find in this book is the discussion presented on device needs from the perspective of various technologies. For example, how much gain is needed in a transistor, how much power, what kind of device characteristics is needed? Not surprisingly the needs depend upon applications. The needs of an A/D or D/A converter will be different from that of an amplifier in a cell phone. Similarly the diodes used in a laptop will place different requirements on the device engineer than diodes used in a mixer circuit. By relating device design to device performance and then relating device needs to system use the student can see how device design works in real world. < Semiconductor Device Physics and Design is comprehensive without being overwhelming. The focus was to make this a useful text book so that the information contained is cohesive without including all aspects of device physics. The lesson plans demonstrated how this book could be used in a 1 semester or 2 quarter sequence.

Semiconductors. --- Transistors. --- Electronics --- Semiconductors --- Crystalline semiconductors --- Semi-conductors --- Semiconducting materials --- Semiconductor devices --- Crystals --- Electrical engineering --- Solid state electronics --- Materials --- Systems engineering. --- Optical materials. --- Circuits and Systems. --- Solid State Physics. --- Spectroscopy and Microscopy. --- Optical and Electronic Materials. --- Optics --- Engineering systems --- System engineering --- Engineering --- Industrial engineering --- System analysis --- Design and construction --- Electronic circuits. --- Solid state physics. --- Spectroscopy. --- Microscopy. --- Electronic materials. --- Electronic materials --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Analysis, Spectrum --- Spectra --- Spectrochemical analysis --- Spectrochemistry --- Spectrometry --- Spectroscopy --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Interferometry --- Radiation --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Absorption spectra --- Light --- Spectroscope --- Physics --- Solids --- Electron-tube circuits --- Electric circuits --- Electron tubes --- Qualitative --- Analytical chemistry